Under the background of the global energy transition, natural hydrogen has emerged as a research hotspot in the field of new energy, and many countries have successively launched investigations into natural hydrogen. On the basis of previous research findings, Zhangbei Basin, with the presence of H₂ escape, is designated as a key area for natural hydrogen research. Then, geological, soil gas geochemical, gravity, and magnetotelluric sounding investigations were carried out in Shangyi-Zhangbei area. The results reveal that soil H₂ anomaly in Shangyi-Zhangbei area exhibits a ring-shaped distribution pattern with high values in the periphery and low values in the center around Hujiawa-Majugou. H₂ concentration in some sampling points exceeds 5, 000×10^-6. Hydrogen isotope analysis (δD values ranging from -567‰ to -461‰) indicates that H₂ is predominantly of mantle-derived origin. Twelve hidden faults and 3 sedimentary depressions have been identified according to gravity and magnetotelluric sounding results, and the basement depth and tectonic framework of the basin have been interpreted. It is considered that faults are favorable channels connecting deep hydrogen sources. The sedimentary assemblages of the Cretaceous and the Paleogene-Neogene have the potential for gas storage. Mudstones and dense massive basalt flows play the role of trap caprocks. The sedimentary sag areas with less H₂ escape and covered by basalt flows were delimited as favorable areas for further exploration of natural hydrogen, after comprehensive analysis, with an area of approximately 590 km². This study could provide basis for further exploration of natural hydrogen in Shangyi-Zhangbei area.

In order to identify the structural evolution, Paleogene sedimentary characteristics, and hydrocarbon conditions of Sanmenxia basin, the authors studied the structural evolution, fault development, and sedimentary facies characteristics of Sanmenxia basin based on the two-dimensional seismic interpretation, drilling logging data, outcrop features, experimental data, and other data. And the potentials for oil and gas exploration were discussed. The results show that normal faults under 3 active periods were developed in Sanmenxia basin. The first-period faults are basin-controlling faults at the end stage of Yanshanian orogenic movement. The second-period faults are basin internal control concave faults in the Himalayan period. The third-period faults are intra-basin tear faults in Pleistocene System. Sanmenxia basin has experienced five evolutional stages: Precambrian metamorphic basement and depression trough formation stage, Paleozoic transgression and orogeny stage, the formation stage of Mesozoic graben type faults basin, the development stage of Paleogene faults basin and basin finalization stage. Four sedimentary facies, including alluvial fan facies, meandering river facies, delta facies and lacustrine facies, 9 sedimentary subfacies and 15 sedimentary microfacies were identified. Organic carbon content of dark mudstone in Xiao'an Formation is 2.7%, indicating good material base for hydrocarbon generation. The distribution range of vitrinite reflectrance is 0.7%~1.1%, Hydracarbon Source rocks enter the main hydrocarbon production stage, and the organic matter type is mainly type Ⅱ with some of type Ⅲ, indicating medium-good source rock. The delta facies and alluvial fan facies lay the foundation for reservoir development, with the average porosity of 19.79% and the permeability of (5~150)×10^-3 μm², indicating medium porosity -medium low permeability reservoir with good physical properties. The source-reservoir-cap assemblage of lower-source and upper-reservoir model and self-generation and self-storage model was developed. It is speculated that the type of new source and old reservoir model is also developed, meaning it has material basis and geological conditions for the formation and enrichment of oil and gas. The industrial oil flow was obtained during the drilling of Yushandi No.1 well, which further confirms that Sanmenxia basin has certain potentials for oil and gas exploration.

Globally, the search for low-carbon and sustainable hydrogen supply is a critical issue for the development of hydrogen-based society and the green transition of energy. Natural hydrogen, with its unique advantages of being zero-carbon and low-cost, is regarded as an important future supply method for hydrogen energy. Consequently, the exploration and development of natural hydrogen have become a research hotspot in the energy sector. However, natural hydrogen has a unique formation and enrichment process, and there is still no consensus on its favorable distribution areas. On the other hand, although there are small-scale commercial development cases, large-scale utilization of natural hydrogen remains a future prospect. The direct energy significance of natural hydrogen is still challenging, including direct exploitation and utilization. The indirect energy significance of natural hydrogen is that it promotes hydrocarbon generation from organic matter when it enters sedimentary basins, especially organic-rich shales. This indirect energy significance of natural hydrogen is not only great importance for enhancing the hydrocarbon resource potential of petroliferous basins, but also the most practical way to realize its energy value at present. The small sedimentary basins near plate collision zones are the most favorable areas for future breakthroughs in natural hydrogen exploration and economic utilization based on previous research, due to their combined conditions for the formation and preservation of natural hydrogen. The potential of multi-stage stacked intrusive bodies with strong hydrogen generation capacity promoting hydrocarbon generation in source rocks was explored in this study, with the Es4 source rocks in Yangxin Sag of Jiyang Depression as an example. The calculations show that intrusive bodies covering an area of 165 km² in Yangxin Sag can influence approximately 36.40 km³ of source rocks, increasing the crude oil resource volume of Es4 source rocks by about 1 796.34×10⁴ tons, which is 8.55% higher than the originally assessed resource. This study could provide a new perspective for re-evaluating the resource potential of small sedimentary basins with multi-layered deep intrusive sheets, and is of great significance for re-evaluating blocks traditionally considered to have poor exploration prospects due to tectonic activity.

Sanmenxia basin is a small Cenozoic-dominated rift basin in the southern margin of North China Block, and 2D seismic and drilling work of oil and gas exploration has been conducted since the 1950 s. Significant progress was made in 2023, and three exploration phases were divided for 70 years of exploration, including petroleum prospecting and basic geological survey, public-benefit oil and gas geological survey, hydrocarbon breakthrough and resource potential assessment. In recent years, Paleogene hydrocarbon source rocks were identified in the southern basin through public-benefit oil and gas survey, and advanced understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation was obtained. Well Yuxiadi-1 was strategically deployed in Hanguguan structural belt to further evaluate oil and gas potential, and five oil-bearing layers were revealed through logging interpretation. Stable industrial oil flows were obtained during multi-layer testing, marking a historic breakthrough in Sanmenxia basin. Preliminary estimate of the basin's prospective geological resources has been made. Five critical insights emerge from exploration history and oil breakthrough. ① Meticulous field observations enable source rock identification. ② Integrated data analysis enhances fundamental petroleum geology research. ③ Cost-effective technical approaches have been explored, the anderstanding has been deepened and the cloubts have been verified; ④ Synergized geological-engineering integration accelerates discoveries. ⑤ Collaborative central government-local government-enterprise exploration model optimizes resource evaluation. As a representative of China's numerous under-explored medium-small basins, Sanmenxia's rapid transition from source rock discovery to commercial flow achievement boosts confidence for the neighboring basins like Weihe basin and the Southern North China basin, and provides valuable guidance and references for hydrocarbon exploration in structurally similar small-medium basins nationwide.

As a clean energy, the natural hydrogen is expected to become a key energy source for global energy transition and carbon neutrality due to its huge resource potential and renewable nature. Based on the results of scientific and technological literatures and industry information surveys, the authors in this paper have analyzed and studied the participating institutions and their development status of the natural hydrogen industry. The small and medium-sized enterprises with resource exploration and their development as their main goal, and which may play a key role in the development of the natural hydrogen industry were focused as the study objects, and the important progress made by three representative small and medium-sized enterprises at home and abroad in the process of natural hydrogen resource exploration and development was summarized in detail, based on the successful experience of the US shale revolution. In the context of accelerating the research, exploration and development of natural hydrogen resources in China, relevant functional government agencies represented by the Ministry of Natural Resources and its affiliated China Geological Survey, the National Development and Reform Commission and its affiliated National Energy Administration should strengthen the progress analysis of the natural hydrogen industry, scientific research roadmap preparation, technical method prospect and forecast research, policy research, industrialization research, etc., to encourage the development of the natural hydrogen industry with scientific research institutions, small and medium-sized enterprises, and large mining and energy enterprises as the main body. This research could provide references for accelerating the deployment of the natural hydrogen industry in China.

The classification of current soil parent material types has not yet formed a unified standard. Diverse classification methods were adopted by various industries based on their own needs. To meet the needs of agricultural geological surveys in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region, the authors in this paper took the perspective of rock-soil system as a whole and analyzed the soil characteristics developed from different rocks. A classification scheme for the soil parent materials was proposed based on geological conditions. The study shows that there is a close genetic relationship between soil genesis, development, properties and the physical and chemical properties of the parent rock. The differences in geological conditions are the main factors leading to soil differentiation, significantly affecting the development of ecosystems and the quality of ecological environment. Through the analysis of the rock weathering and soil formation process, 4 primary level classifications were established in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region, including Quaternary loose accumulation parent materials, sedimentary rock parent materials, igneous rock parent materials, and metamorphic rock parent materials, and 26 secondary classifications were also identified. The classification scheme could more accurately and objectively reflect the material transfer process from parent rock to parent material, to soil and the differences in energy distribution on the earth's surface. And it has important practical significance for evaluating soil resource levels, developing and utilizing land resources according to local conditions, and scientifically and rationally managing the ecological environment.

Renli deposit in Hunan Province is the richest and largest super-large pegmatitic tantalum deposit since the foundation of China. And it is rich in rare metal minerals such as tantalum niobium, beryllium and high-purity quartz raw material mineral resources. To understand the quality of pegmatition type high-purity quartz raw materials in this area and provide references for the comprehensive development and utilization of the mine, the authors in this paper carried out a study on the characteristics of quartz raw minerals, inclusions and impurity content in pegmatite, as well as a comparative study with vein quartz in adjacent areas. The results show that the quartz minerals in pegmatite in this area are transparent to semi-transparent, with an average SiO₂ content of 99.982%, and the total content of 14 impurity elements such as Al, B, Ca is 110.06×10^-6 on average in mineral samples. The average content of Al is 43.18×10^-6, and the average content of Ti is 4.90×10^-6. Under the microscope, the size of quartz grains are different with certain tensile deformation, and the surface permeability is good. Fifty percent of the grains have no fluid inclusions, and the inclusion type is H₂O-NaCl type with gas and liquid phases. The inclusions have various shapes, bright colors, and large individual morphological differences. The diameter of most of the inclusions is less than 4 μm, with the smallest individual being less than 1 μm and largest individual of being more than 32 μm. The area ratio of inclusions in the field of view is less than 5%. The high-purity quartz raw materials in this area have excellent endowment conditions and are excellent high-purity quartz raw materials. It is predicted that the potential resources of high-purity quartz raw materials in Renli deposti exceed 3 000 wt. with reinforcement of research on beneficiation and purification processes, it is expected to obtain high-purity quartz products of 4N8 and above. This research could provide references for the construction of high-purity quartz industry base in Pingjiang County and the development of high-purity quartz industry in the northeastern Hunan Province.

Nitrate pollution could present in the underground water due to the human activities like agriculture, industry, residents and mariculture in coastal areas. In order to find out the distribution characteristics and sources of nitrate in the underground water of the coastal areas of South China, the authors in this paper took a typical coastal city-Zhuhai as an example. The mathematical statistics, ion ratio and principal component analysis were adopted to study the distribution characteristics of water chemical, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia nitrogen, and the sources of nitrate in the underground water. The results show that the underground water is mainly weak acid, and conductivity of deep confined underground water is obviously higher than that of shallow underground water. The chemical type of underground water is mainly Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺-HCO₃^- and Na⁺-Cl^-·SO₄^2- type. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) of pore confined groundwater in loose rocks is mainly composed of NH₄⁺, and the DIN of other types of underground water is mainly NO₃^-. Nitrate and nitrite exceed the standard in sporadic water samples, and the concentration of nitrate is relatively high in the water samples of hilly areas and intermountain valleys. The ammonia nitrogen of 18.01% underground water samples in loost rocks exceeds the standard, and the high concentration ammonia nitrogen water samples are mainly distributed in the coastal plain area. The chemical characteristics of underground water in the study area is mainly controlled by the weathering, evaporation and seawater mixing of silicate and sulfate minerals. Nitrate in the underground water is mainly from atmospheric precipitation and human activities. Nitrate in clastic pore fissure groundwater, granite metamorphic rook fissure groundwater and pore unconfined groundwater mainly comes from atmospheric precipitation, and agricultural activities. Nitrate in pore confined groundwater in loose rocks and carbonate fissure karst water comes from domestic sewage and mariculture wastewater. This research results could provide scientific basis for the development, utilization and protection of the underground water in the coastal areas of South China.

The peat layer was widely distributed in piedmont alluvial plain of the southern Yan Mountains. However, its formation age is still controversial, with relatively weak relevant research of climate environment. The ¹⁴C dating work of typical peat profiles was conducted from Sanhe in Heibei Province to Jizhou in Tianjin. The peat formation time was divided into two periods, on the basis of sporopollen and other proxy indicators, and its environment characteristics were also studied. ¹⁴C dating showed that the cool-forming period of Touying peat layer in Jizhou was Early Holocene (10 500 a B.P.), and the main body of Bulaodian peat layer in Sanhe was Late Holo-cene (3 500~2 400 a B.P.). The climate of Early Holocene was inferred to be from warm and humid to cool and slightly humid, according to sporopollen assemblage features of Touying peat layer and its underlying stratum in Jizhou and the previous sporopollen research of Bulaodian peat layer and other fossil assemblage. This research could provide basis for the Quaternary stratigraphic division and paleoenvironment restoration in this area.

Deep-sea scientific drilling is the key approach to investigate the earth's interior. Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) has promoted the settlement of critical technical problems, and achieved the breakthrough of engineering technology and energy resources. The engineering technology research of deep-sea scientific drilling is of great significance for the exploration and exploitation progress of marine energy resources, and for the promotion of earth sciences and marine sciences of China. The engineering technology achievements of international deep-sea scientific drilling were summarized in this paper, and the achievements of deep-sea drilling technology and engineering support project by China Geological Survey were sorted. The research results show that comprehensive research of deep-sea scientific drilling technology were carried out, and a series of deep-sea drilling underwater engineering technology and equipment were developed. The drilling coring technology system was improved, and the drilling accident prevention and treatment technology was obtained. Besides, pre-research on key technologies for deep-sea ultra-deep well drilling was initiated, and a number of innovative research results and progress were obtained. These achievements have strongly supported the establishment of China's deep-sea drilling engineering technology system, and provided strong technical and equipment support for promoting earth system scientific research, which could provide references and guidance for deep-sea scientific drilling technology in China.

After a long period of exploration and prospecting work, Linglong gold deposit in Jiaodong has formed a three-in-one Linglong type gold deposit prospecting model, consisting of quartz vein type gold deposits in secondary faults exposed on the surface, altered rock type gold deposits hidden in main faults, and deep ore bearing ore bodies. Studying the characteristics of gold deposit of this type and determining simple and efficient geochemical prospecting indicators for rock and ore bodies are of great significance for predicting and identifying the existence and hidden positions of deep mineralization-related ore-forming rock mass. By analyzing the geochemical characteristics of shallow gold deposits, deep ore bearing rock bodies, and intermediate acidic rock bodies located close to and far from the mining area in Linglong region, the authors found that Linglong type gold deposit is related to crustal mantle magmatic activity mixed with subducting oceanic crust materials. The geochemical characteristics, which can reflect the genesis of the rock body and ore, including loss on ignition, rare earth element distribution patterns, δEu values, Nb/Ta values, Ti/V values, Te Au relationships, and SiO₂-P₂O₅ relationships, can be used as indicators for the geochemical exploration of Linglong type gold deposit. Based on this method, preliminary prospecting directions were predicted for similar mineralization areas such as Jiaojia gold mine, Sanshan Island gold mine, and Liaodong Wulong gold mine, providing basis for subsequent exploration work. This study could provide references for research on Linglong type gold deposits and the exploration and prediction in deep-seated hidden areas.

Jinzhou City is one of the largest crop cultivation cities, and the crop cultivation quality will directly affect the economic development in Jinzhou City. And the crop development is effected by the soil quality. In order to study the soil environmental quality and potential ecological hazards in the northwestern Jinzhou City, the authors took surface soil in Jinzhou City as the study object. The land quality geochemical assessment in the northwestern Jinzhou City was conducted based on soil data obtained from the 1∶ 250 000 geochemical survey of land quality. The geochemical grade of soil enviomment results show that most of the soil in the the northwestern Jinzhou City is in a risk-free state, but Cd has certain risks. The soil fertility characteristics of the northwestern Jinzhou City are rich potassium and low phosphorus and nitrogen. The comprehensive geochemical grade of soil quality in the surface soil of the northwestern Jinzhou City is mainly the third one, with an area of 8 037 km². The soil area of the second grade is 2 070 km², and the soil area of the first grade is 143 km². The geochemical characteristics of soil in the study area show that the Cd, Hg, Cl and Au is extremely mutant. This land is rich in Sr, Hg, Au, Mo, Cl and Cd, compared with land background value of Liao River Basin, and Cd is obviously higher than that in Liao River Basin. The soil type, parent material, and land use type could probably be the main influencing factors for Cd becoming a high risk of pollution. This research could provide basis for land resource planning, efficient and characteristic agricultural development, and ecological civilization construction of Jinzhou City.

In order to strengthen the exploration and research of surface matrix investigation methods, the authors proposed methods suitable for surface substrate investigation and mapping method in Jizhou district of the northern Tianjin City during the practice and research. Besides, the investigation ideas and mapping methods were fully drawn on regional geology, Quaternary geology, hydrogeology, environmental geology, and disaster geology. ① The surface substrate classification system of Jizhou district in the northern Tianjin City was divided into 4 primary surface substrate categories, 11 secondary categories, and 20 tertiary categories. ② The survey indicators for different types of surface substrates were constructed, such as rocks, gravel, and soil, and the classification system for surface substrate characteristics were refined. ③ The mapping method of surface substrate series maps was explored, and the coupling relationship map between surface substrate layer and surface cover layer and the map expression mode of comprehensive surface substrate map were proposed. This study has reference value for improving surface substrate investigation and mapping methods, and the results could provide references for surface substrate investigation and classification system construction in mountainous areas.

In order to meet the application and promotion needs of universal geological disaster monitoring and early warning, the authors took the construction of 40 universal monitoring and early warning demonstration points for landslide hazard in Xupu County of Hunan Province as an example to introduce the entire process of the construction of universal monitoring and early warning demonstration points and the operation of the monitoring and early warning system. Forty monitoring and early warning demonstration points were selected according to the development characteristics, disaster modes, and disaster-causing features of landslide hazard in the study area. The universal equipment such as rain gauges, crack gauges, GNSS displacement meters, moisture meters, and inclination accelerometers were used for the professional detection of key indicators of monitoring and early warning demonstration points, including deformation characteristics, influencing factors and slide precursor. For rainfall and deformation, Pearson model and monitoring data analysis method were adopted to propose rainfall criterion and deformation criterion in the study area. And the monitoring and early warning model was established. The monitoring data were aggregated to the system platform, and the criterion model automatically triggered warnings to send warning information. Wanli landslide was taken as a typical case to analyze the monitoring deployment plan and monitoring data. The rainfall characteristics, deformation features of the landslide, and their correlation were provided in real time, and the effectiveness and early warning capabilities of the universal monitoring equipment were preliminarily demonstrated. The research results could provide technical support for the promotion and application of universal monitoring and early warning work, and it could effectively guide relevant departments to carry out emergency response work at the same time.

Soil thickness is a fundamental soil characteristic that directly reflects soil development, and it is closely related to soil fertility. It is also an important indicator to identify soil fertility. Taking Oroqen Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia as the study case, the authors in this paper selected 10 indicators closely related to soil thickness. The principal component analysis of these data were conducted by SPSS 22.0 software, and soil thickness digital mapping. method with the characteristic of low cost, rapid acquirability and high precision was probed by ArcGIS10.7 and GeoDetector. Besides, driving factors of the spatial variation of soil thickness was analyzed. The study reveals that soil thickness in Oroqen Autonomous Banner is distributed thinly in the northwest and thickly in the southeast, and the accuracy verification results of the confusion matrix indicates a total accuracy of 74.32% and the kappa coefficient of 0.744, indicating a high level of agreement with the actual situation. The single-factor detection results show that the soil type and the driving factor of soil-forming matrix significantly influence the spatial distribution variability of local soil thickness. The results of the interacting factor detection show that the q-value (0.58) of the terrain humidity index ∩ runoff intensity coefficient is larger than the q-value (0.47) of the terrain humidity index + runoff intensity coefficient, indicating a non-linearly enhancement. And the other factors show two-factor enhancement. This suggests that the effect of multifactor interaction on the local spatial distribution of soil thickness is greater than that of a single factor. This study could provide scientific basis for the sustainable development of local agriculture, returning ploughland to forests, planting suitability, and spatial planning of the national territory.

In order to effectively enhance the emergency monitoring and rescue capabilities for sudden natural disasters in earthquake-prone areas, the researchers in this paper took the sudden flash flood and debris flow disaster in Xinhua Village of Malie Township in Hanyuan County of Sichuan Province as an example and used domestic high-resolution satellites and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology to analyze its terrain and landform characteristics of the disaster basin. The number of buildings affected by the disaster were interpreted, and the number of affected population was estimated. Besides, the disaster situation was predicted, and the emergency detection and rescue analysis were conducted. The results showed that about 3 000 people were affected by the disaster, and 400 disaster preparedness tents and 6.6 t/d of drinking water were prepared. The nearest rescue team to the disaster area was Hanyuan County Fire and Rescue Brigade, located 15.8 km away by a mountain road. There were 13 health and epidemic prevention forces distributed in and around the area, and 5 mining enterprises were affected. Forty-eight houses were destroyed and 25 houses were damaged, with 7 roads cut off due to the disaster. Three rescue areas were designated in the key affected areas, and a total of 18 search and rescue focus areas were delineated, including 4 upstream and 14 downstream areas. Priority has been given to two rescue lifelines leading to the disaster area in Malie Township. And it is recommended to use Xinhua Primary School and Malie Township Central Primary School in Malie Township as temporary relocation sites. The disaster detection and rescue analysis method based on remote sensing technology has great significance for improving the pertinence of on-site personnel search and rescue and emergency preparedness for disasters, and enhancing the efficiency of emergency detection and personnel search and rescue in the flash flood and debris flow of the western Sichuan Province.

In order to accurately identify high and steep slope dangerous rock masses in karst mountainous areas, the authors took the typical karst landform area of Luocheng in Guangxi as an example, through three low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing techniques, that is airborne LiDAR, oblique photogrammetry, and close-range photogrammetry, to conduct detailed investigation of dangerous rock masses. The extracting information methods for isolated rocks and cracks under forests were summarized based on point cloud data, and the 3D real scene models were systematically summarized for extracting structural plane attitude information and structural plane characteristic parameter information. The identification and refined investigation methods of dangerous rock masses on high and steep slopes were discussed, and the refinement identification of dangerous rock masses was carried out, with a total of 34 dangerous rock bodies being identified. The research results could provide technical guidance for identifying hazardous rock masses in similar regions.

The heavy industrial city is an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution. PAHs can exist in karst environment for a long time due to its unique underground space structure, which harms the karst ecosystem and human health. In order to reveal the characteristics of PAHs pollution in karst underground river in heavy industrial city, the researchers in this paper collected 6 sampling sites in Jila underground river pipeline strike in June (wet season) and December (dry season) in 2015, and added 1 sampling site in Xiangshui River during dry season. The results are as follows. ① The average concentrations of ΣPAHs in groundwater in wet reason and dry season were 267.32 ng/L and 350.59 ng/L, respectively. The PAHs were mainly composed of 2~3 rings in wet season and 4 rings in dry season, which were influenced by rainfall and physicochemical properties of each component. ② Jila underground river was affected by Liubei heavy industry, and its PAHs pollution level was medium. ③ The results of health risk assessment showed that only part of the risk index in dry season was higher than 5.0×10^-5, especially in the early childhood stage, indicating that PAHs had certain harm to the residents' health, but the harm was not great. ④ Through the follow-up tracking of PAHs in Jila underground river, it was found that the PAHs concentration in Jila underground river was in a relatively stable state in recent years. The environmental behavior research of PAHs in the multi-environmental media of heavy industrial cities and prevention of PAHs pollution to karst environment is not only an important content of environmental science research, but also provides scientific and technological support for industrial layout and urban planning in karst areas.