Abstract: With the great breakthrough of the exploration for oil and gas in Uganda block of East Africa Rift Valley, more attentions are paid to Tanganyika Graben exploration potential as its petroleum geological conditions is similar to Uganda block. Tanganyika Graben locates in East Africa and is the middle part of western branch of East Africa Rift Valley. It is a typical continental rift basin filled by sediments from Later Miocene and currently covered by Lake Tanganyika which is a deep fresh lake. The entire graben can be divided into two sub-basins and takes on the structure framework of two depressions surrounded by three uplifts. Although it is a low exploration basin, it can be inferred that the mature source rock should insisted in the deep area and has relatively large potential and scale. As an inland lake, the provenance is relatively sufficient so the reservoir and seal condition is good enough. Since the multi-stages tectonic alternation, the structural traps can be found in a large amount. In conclusion, most of the conditions are tend to form effective reservoirs and there is a large potential for exploration. The transformation zone of basin is the best area for petroleum accumulation.