Abstract: The oil and gas resources in Xinjiang region has enormous potential, and it is a key area for increasing onshore oil and gas storage and production in China. The public welfare oil and gas geological survey has been carried out in accordance with the work concept of “basin comprehensive research direction selection, basic geological survey zoning, and strategic selection research for breakthroughs”, since the 13th Five Year Plan period, with a focus on deep to ultra deep layers, complex mountain front structural zones, and unconventional shale oil and gas. And the investment and scientific and technological research efforts of oil and gas basic geological survey in Xinjiang have been continuously increased. One major progress has been made in the investigation of the deep geological structure of Tarim Basin, and four major discoveries and breakthroughs have been made in the investigation of oil and gas, including Neogene in Wensu Uplift, Silurian in Shajingzi Structural Belt, Jurassic in the piedmont zone of Southwest Tarim and Southeast Tarim Depression, and unconventional shale oil and gas around Bogda Mountain in Junggar Basin. Three innovative geological theories were formed, including “differential settlement of ancient uplift controls reservoir control” in Wensu area, “fault dominated, multi-stage filling, and late stage dominated” in Shajingzi structural belt, and “deep source reservoir integration, shallow structure lithology dominated, and multi mineral ring distribution” around Bogda Mountain. Besides, three key techniques have been formed, including “basin level backbone seismic large profile data splicing and processing”, “pre stack target processing and interpretation of complex mountain front seismic data”, and “wide area electromagnetic profile measurement and comprehensive interpretation”. This work has achieved practical results in supporting the reform of the oil and gas exploration and extraction system in Xinjiang, and driven enterprises to achieve efficient exploration and development. And it also has improved the theoretical understanding level of oil and gas accumulation in deep basins, mountain front zones, and unconventional shale, and promoted local economic and social development.