Abstract: China has committed to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, which is a national grand strategy for China in 2020. However, it is an extremely big challenge to realize these goals considering China’s current huge CO₂ emissions and energy consumption structure. The authors introduced the global carbon cycle and analyzed the contributions of carbon sources and sinks to the atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Besides, the roal and possible contributions of geological survey on promoting carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality were analyzed from two aspects, which were reducing CO₂ emissions and increasing CO₂ sinks, and the corresponding geological route was also put forward. Although the natural ecological carbon sinks are important, it is still impossible to eliminate all artificial CO₂ emissions, with some indeterminacy. Therefore, geological survey potential and the geological sink potential should be fully exerted to be an indispensable support for realizing the carbon neutrality goal.