Application of Digital Elevation Model in the geological mapping of the coastal plain of Tianjin
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摘要: 天津市滨海平原地区地势平坦,地貌类型不易划分,沉积物粒度较细,遥感解译精度及实地可识别性差,按照传统的地质调查方法开展填图,图面表达效果不佳。数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM)是地形的数字化表达,具有一般地形图无法表达的三维可视化信息,能够真实反映地形地貌特征。在开展天津滨海平原地质填图过程中,通过建立研究区DEM,并结合路线地质调查、槽型浅钻施工、样品测试分析,进行了地貌单元划分,将浅地表沉积物划分为河流、海侵和三角洲3个沉积体系: 河流沉积体系包含边滩(曲流砂坝)、充填河槽(牛轭湖)、决口扇、天然堤、洪泛盆地和湖沼沉积微相; 海侵沉积体系包含海滩脊、越岸扇、高潮坪和残留潟湖沉积微相; 三角洲沉积体系主要为三角洲前缘沉积。通过与不同类型遥感解译结果进行对比分析可知,DEM可充分弥补遥感影像的不足,对浅地表沉积物进行详细的成因类型划分,提升对浅地表地质作用过程的认知程度,较好地指导野外地质填图。将高精度DEM数据应用于第四系覆盖区地质填图,可以大大提高填图精度及效率,为城市生态安全保障、国土空间规划、产业结构布局等提供基础地质依据。Abstract: Tianjin coastal plain is flat and its landform is not easy to be divided. The grain size of the sediments is fine, with poor remote sensing interpretation accuracy and field identification, which leads to weak geological map expression effect by the traditional geological survey method. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital representation of the topographic surface and it has 3D visual information that cannot be expressed by the general topographic map, which can truly reflect the features of the landform. The authors divided the geomorphic units of shallow sediments during the geological mapping process of Tianjin coastal plain based on DEM and the geological survey of the route, the construction of the shallow groove drilling and the sample testing. The shallow sediments can be divided into three sedimentary systems: fluvial sedimentary system, transgression sedimentary systm and deltaic sedimentary system. The fluvial sedimentary system includes several genetic types of point bar, oxbow lake, crevasse splay, natural levee, flood basin and lake marsh. And the transgression sedimentary system can be divided into beach ridge, overland fan, high tide flat, residual lagoon, while the deltaic sedimentary system includes the delta front. DEM can fully make up for the shortage of remote sensing images after the comparative analysis with the results of remote sensing interpretation of different types. Besides, DEM can also be used for the detailed genetic classification of the shallow sediments and improve the cognition about shallow geological process, which will guide the field mapping. The application of high-precision DEM data to the geological mapping on the covered areas of quaternary system can greatly improve the mapping accuracy and efficiency, and provide basic geological support for urban ecological security, territorial space planning and industrial structure layout.
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